As climate change accelerates, Athens — already the hottest capital in mainland Europe — is enduring longer, more intense heatwaves. The city hit a record in 2024, in a broader trend around the Mediterranean: the area is warming much more quickly than the global average. With tourism deluging the country, they predict as many as 10 million visitors in 2024, and dangerous hot and crowded conditions in July and August, putting strain on infrastructure and resources.

Conflict between Tourism and Climate Change
The mounting temperatures have raised deep concerns about Greece’s future. The burgeoning tourist economy is however, putting strain on local infrastructure, contributing to inflation and water access problem. A few residents fear a singular focus on tourism may be eroding the quality of life and the environment for future generations.

City leaders are beginning to respond. The mayor of Athens, Haris Doukas, underscores that “building resilience is a question of survival.” Short-term options range from early warning about heatwaves to public fountains, shaded relaxation zones and cooling centers. Ambulances now idle near major attractions like the Acropolis to help overheated tourists, many of them unaware of the strength of the sun.

Hot waves are the leading cause of climate-related deaths in Europe and pose a major threat to elderly populations — a factor that may be affecting Greece, where the population is among the oldest on the continent.

Urban Transforlmation Urban Transformation for Survival
To confront this long-term threat, Athens is reinventing itself. In 2021, the city appointed Europe’s first “chief heat officer,” tasked with sustainable urban planning. Over the last year, 7,000 new trees have been planted, and 28,000 more are to be planted in four years. New green corridors and the implementation of heat absorbing materials in urban design are both part of efforts to reduce apparent temperatures and the urban heat island effect.
Projects range from detailed heatwave mapping to better target responses, to a plan for Greece’s first microforest in Kypseli, Europe’s most crowded neighborhood. The city is hoping these targeted microclimates will cool temperatures by as much as 5°C within five years.

Another significant initiative is the reuse of a Roman aqueduct in Chalandri for irrigation of green spaces and cooling of urban areas, with water savings estimated at 80,000-100,000 cubic metres per annum.

Experts say Athens needs to undo decades of overdevelopment that filled in natural waterways with concrete in the 1950s and 1960s. Inspired by Valencia, the Spanish city’s green makeove r, city planners say Athens can catch up by disassembling concrete areas and building more nature-based solutions.

A big one involves incorporating the city’s coast into the city. Though many travelers spend their days aiming for the Acropolis, it is not widely known that Athens sits close to a string of postcard-perfect beaches and coves that were once the focal point of the ancient city’s identity.

As the temperatures climb and tourists surge, Athens is scrambling to adapt — with a view to safeguarding not just its people, but its heritage.